منابع مشابه
Modular Edge-Graceful Trees
Ryan Jones, Western Michigan University We introduce a modular edge-graceful labeling of a graph a dual concept to the common graceful labeling. A 1991 conjecture known as the Modular Edge-Graceful Tree Conjecture states that every tree of order n where n 6≡ 2 (mod 4) is modular edge-graceful. We show that this conjecture is true. More general results and questions on this topic are presented.
متن کاملA Survey of Graceful Trees
A tree of order n is said to be graceful if the vertices can be assigned the labels {0, . . . , n−1} such that the absolute value of the differences in vertex labels between adjacent vertices generate the set {1, . . . , n− 1}. The Graceful Tree Conjecture is the unproven claim that all trees are graceful. We present major results known on graceful trees from those dating from the problem’s ori...
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A graph G on m edges is considered graceful if there is a labelling f of the vertices of G with distinct integers in the set {0, 1, . . . ,m} such that the induced edge labelling g defined by g(uv) = |f(u) − f(v)| is a bijection to {1, . . . ,m}. We here consider some relaxations of these conditions as applied to tree labellings: 1. Edge-relaxed graceful labellings, in which repeated edge label...
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Despite its success, the Black-Scholes formula has become increasingly unreliable over time in the very markets where one would expect it to be most accurate. In addition, attempts by financial economists to extract probabilistic information from option prices have been puny in comparison to what is clearly possible. This paper develops a new method for inferring risk-neutral probabilities (or ...
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This paper develops a simple technique for valuing European and American derivatives with underlying asset risk-neutral returns that depart from lognormal in terms of prespecified non-zero skewness and greater-than-three kurtosis. Instead of specifying the entire risk-neutral distribution by the riskless return and volatility (as in the Black-Scholes case), this distribution is specified by its...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: AKCE International Journal of Graphs and Combinatorics
سال: 2020
ISSN: 0972-8600,2543-3474
DOI: 10.1016/j.akcej.2018.06.005